Each study adjusted for a different set of potential confounders, therefore we opted for the most adjusted model, before adjustment for BMI or waist circumference, which are thought to act as intermediaries in the relationship between sedentary time and health outcomes. Despite variations in the type of sedentary behaviour (e.g. TV viewing time [21], vs sitting time [33]), the measurement of sedentary behaviour within each type (e.g. sitting almost all of the time [33] vs ≥6 h per day [34]) and the geographical location (e.g. USA [28] vs Japan [38]), the direction of the association between sedentary time and health outcomes was consistent.