fetal risks of fundal pressure include an increase in intracranial pressure leading to non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns, umbilical cord compression, hypoxemia, subgaleal hemorrhage and spinal cord injuries. Fundal pressure may cause shoulder dystocia, which puts the fetus at risk for injuries such as brachial plexus injuries or fractures of the humerus and clavicles. Maternal complications of fundal pressure include third and fourth Norton degree lacerations, uterine rupture, uterine inversion, fractured ribs, liver rupture, abdominal bruising and pain (Simpson & Knox). The nurse is likely to be implicated in a malpractice suit if fundal pressure was used and there was a neonatal injury or death (Greenwald & Mondor, 2003). In cases of shoulder dystocia, fetal injury may be attributed to the inappropriate use of fundal pressure