Tools and techniques include constr

Tools and techniques include constraints analysis, the activity
definition model and prototyping of products or processes,
also known as first-run studies. Constraints analysis is done
by examining each activity that is scheduled to start within the
period chosen as the project lookahead window.
4
The con-
straints that prevent the activity from being a sound assign-
ment are identified and actions are taken to remove those
constraints. As shown in Table 2, the activity of designing a
slab is constrained by lack of a soils report. Acquiring the soils
report removes that constraint. Note that the addition of such
‘make ready’ tasks is one way in which the level of detail
increases as scheduled activities enter the lookahead window.
The rule governing constraints analysis is that no activity is
allowed to retain its scheduled date unless the planners are
confident that constraints can be removed in time. Following
this rule assures that problems will be surfaced earlier and that
problems that cannot be resolved in the lookahead process will
not be imposed on the production level of the project, whether
that be design, fabrication or construction.
The Activity Definition Model (ADM: Figure 4) provides the
primary categories of constraints: directives, prerequisite
work and resources. Directives provide guidance according
to which output is to be produced or assessed. Examples are
assignments, design criteria and specifications. Prerequisite
work is the substrate on which work is done or to which
work is added. Examples include materials, whether ‘raw’
or work-in-progress, information input to a calculation or
decision, etc. Resources are either labour, instruments of
labour or conditions in which labour is exercised.
Resources can bear load and have finite capacities.
Consequently, labour, tools, equipment and space are
resources, but materials and information are not.
ADM is a tool for exploding phase schedule activities into
greater detail. Explosion occurs through specification of con-
straints and through further detailing of processes.

結果 (中文) 2:

工具和技术包括制约因素分析，活动
定义模型和产品或工艺，原型
也被称为首轮的研究。制约因素分析完成后
通过检查该计划开始在每个活动
选为项目前瞻窗口期。
4
CON组
straints防止活动从一个健全的赋值
换货被识别并采取行动来消除这些
限制。如表2所示，设计的活性
板坯由缺乏土壤报告的制约。获取土壤
报告中删除该约束。请注意，除了这样的
“预备”工作是其中的详细程度的一种方式
会随着计划的活动进入前瞻窗口。
监管制约因素分析的规则是，任何活动
，除非允许的规划者都保留其预定的日期
有信心该约束可以在时间上被移除。下面
这条规则确保了问题会更早浮出水面
的问题，不能在前瞻过程中解决将
不能在该项目的生产水平征收，无论
是在设计，制造和施工。
该活动定义模型（ADM：图4）提供了
约束主要类别：指令，前提
工作和资源。指令，根据提供指导
向其中输出是要生产或评估。实例是
分配，设计标准和规格。先决条件
的工作是在其上的工作已经完成，或者该基片
的工作被添加。例子包括材料，无论是'生'
或工作正在进行中，输入计算或信息
决策等资源要么是人工，仪器仪表
劳动或条件，使劳动行使。
资源所能承受的负荷，并有能力有限。
因此，劳动力，工具，设备和空间
资源，但材料和信息都没有。
ADM是爆炸阶段计划活动为工具
更多细节。爆炸发生时，通过规范CON-的
straints，并通过进一步的详细过程。