For the last two decades, geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls (GRS RWs) with a
stage-constructed full-height rigid (FHR) facing have been constructed for railways, highways and
other facilities and have shown greater seismic resistance than conventional retaining wall structures
(Tatsuoka et al., 2009). Geogrids are commonly used as planar reinforcements to tensile-reinforce the
backfill of RWs, embankments and other soil structures.