Artificial data were used to verify the proposed model and evaluate the effect of water refraction,and therefore conclude whether it is necessary to compensate or not. The evaluation of the effect’smagnitude is essential to verify the proposed model, while the investigation of the magnitude willprovide guidelines on whether and when it is necessary to correct the water refraction.There might be some applications and flight scenarios with low water depth to flying height ratio,where the error of the water refraction is negligible, and corrections can be practically omitted. In fact,