All players completed questionnaires regarding their current playing position, baseball career, and shoulder pain (‘‘Do you have any shoulder pain currently while playing baseball?’’). All participants could play baseball with or without shoulder pain in this study. Muscle strength (shoulder abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation) was evaluated in both shoulders with a digital handheld dynamometer (microFETII; Hoggan Scientific). We recorded the muscle strength of shoulder abduction with the thumb up (the ‘‘full can’’ position). External rotation strength was measured with the arm at the side. We assessed strength in lifting the hand off the back to assess internal rotation strength.