As can be seen in Figs. 7 and 8, up to a base acceleration value of around 350 gal no significant
difference could be observed. However, under higher base accelerations, the residual wall
displacements accumulated rapidly with gravity-type RW. In contrast, the geogrid-RS RW and
geocell-RS RW exhibited more ductile behavior, particularly geocell-RS RW showed smaller residual
overturning angle and settlements for increasing base acceleration indicating a higher resistance
against seismic loading. For example, during a base acceleration value of about 500 gal, the
geogrid-RS RW had a overturning angle around 1.3 degrees, while the geocell-RS RW had only a
overturning angle around 0.4 degrees.