4.4. Other drivers of intentions to use:
In addition to perceived usefulness and ease of use, entertainment value and security were two constructs that were mentioned in the qualitative research. Similar to other technologies, entertainment value indicates that intentions to use an app sometimes cannot be captured by utilitarian aspects only (Loiacono, Watson, & Goodhue, 2007; van der Heijden, 2004). Furthermore, the security dimension was also discussed by participants as suggested by previous research (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). Both are expected to directly influence intentions to use as an extension of the TAM.
4.5. Results outcomes of app usage:
In the explorative study and by consulting service management literature, outcomes of app usage were also identified. Thus, three core themes were found as outcomes: perceived service quality, perceived firm innovativeness, and subjective knowledge about the service firm. Perceived service quality, in essence, refers to “the consumer's judgment about the superiority or excellence” of a service offering (Zeithaml, 1988). Participants in the focus groups used mobile apps to completely produce the service via the app (e.g. language school) or to support the service delivery (e.g. airline check-in). Thus, as the app potentially improves the service process by making it more efficient, overall service quality might be affected. Thereby, the link between perceptions of service quality and the service process is very well established in literature (Grönroos, 1984; Meyer & Mattmüller, 1987). Perceived firm innovativeness, defined as the “consumer's perception of an enduring firm capability that results in novel, creative, and impactful ideas and solutions for the market” (Kunz, Schmitt, & Meyer, 2011) was also discussed in the explorative study. App users in the focus groups frequently made comments, such as “By offering an app, the company appears innovative” or “If there is a company that does not offer an app, I think this company is behind the market”, to emphasize that an app can have a positive effect on perceived firm innovativeness. Finally, subjective knowledge as “a consumer’s perception of the amount of information they have” (Flynn & Goldsmith, 1999) on a specific company and its offerings was discussed in the focus groups. By frequently using an app of a service company, consumers are confronted with information that the firm is delivering via the app. Therefore, the construct is also added as an outcome of actual app usage.
4.4. Other drivers of intentions to use:
In addition to perceived usefulness and ease of use, entertainment value and security were two constructs that were mentioned in the qualitative research. Similar to other technologies, entertainment value indicates that intentions to use an app sometimes cannot be captured by utilitarian aspects only (Loiacono, Watson, & Goodhue, 2007; van der Heijden, 2004). Furthermore, the security dimension was also discussed by participants as suggested by previous research (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). Both are expected to directly influence intentions to use as an extension of the TAM.
4.5. Results outcomes of app usage:
In the explorative study and by consulting service management literature, outcomes of app usage were also identified. Thus, three core themes were found as outcomes: perceived service quality, perceived firm innovativeness, and subjective knowledge about the service firm. Perceived service quality, in essence, refers to “the consumer's judgment about the superiority or excellence” of a service offering (Zeithaml, 1988). Participants in the focus groups used mobile apps to completely produce the service via the app (e.g. language school) or to support the service delivery (e.g. airline check-in). Thus, as the app potentially improves the service process by making it more efficient, overall service quality might be affected. Thereby, the link between perceptions of service quality and the service process is very well established in literature (Grönroos, 1984; Meyer & Mattmüller, 1987). Perceived firm innovativeness, defined as the “consumer's perception of an enduring firm capability that results in novel, creative, and impactful ideas and solutions for the market” (Kunz, Schmitt, & Meyer, 2011) was also discussed in the explorative study. App users in the focus groups frequently made comments, such as “By offering an app, the company appears innovative” or “If there is a company that does not offer an app, I think this company is behind the market”, to emphasize that an app can have a positive effect on perceived firm innovativeness. Finally, subjective knowledge as “a consumer’s perception of the amount of information they have” (Flynn & Goldsmith, 1999) on a specific company and its offerings was discussed in the focus groups. By frequently using an app of a service company, consumers are confronted with information that the firm is delivering via the app. Therefore, the construct is also added as an outcome of actual app usage.
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