Truss 5 failed at a higher load, 12.18 kN, Failure was initiated by twisting and buckling of the top chord, near mid-span, see Fig. 22. The chord twisted until it touched the side of the test frame and was restrained from further lateral movement load was transferred directly to the bottom chord and the rate of the deflection and the force in the diagonal ties increased rapidly. The forces in the diagonal tie almost reached the point of failure of the clinches, although this was largely due to the restraint against further distortion of the chords by the frame itself, Table 4.