In conclusion, glucocorticoids appear to influence different cognitive phases. Immediate posttraining injections of glucocorticoids enhance memory consolidation. These effects depend on noradrenergic activation of the BLA and interactions of the BLA with other brain regions. In contrast, memory retrieval processes are impaired with high circulating levels of glucocorticoids. Although such effects on memory retrieval may appear detrimental, it has been suggested that this may favor memory consolidation, allowing a more appropriate response. A challenge for future research will be to explore how the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these processes are related.