After centrifugation, the supernatant was desalted by non-por-ous graphitised carbon black column as previously reported (Packer, Lawson, Jardine, & Redmond, 1998). In brief, oligosaccharide solutions were applied to a Carbograph SPE column (SUPELCO, USA). Salts were washed with approximately three column volumes of water. The oligosaccharides were adsorbed and then
eluted with 25% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.05% (v/v) TFA, which was collected, concentrated and lyophilised.