To be included in the review studies had to meet the following criteria: (1) cross-sectional or prospective design;(2) report data on adults ≥18 years of age; (3) include self-reported or objective measure of time spent sedentary; (4) report data on a relevant health outcome (diabetes, cardio- vascular disease [defined as myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, stroke, coronary/carotid revascularisation], car- diovascular or all-cause mortality).