Samples analyzed from isolated envi

Samples analyzed from isolated environments have demonstrated that antibiotic resistance is a natural and ancient phenomenon that predates clinical antibiotic use (Miteva, Sheridan and Brenchley 2004; D’Costa et al. 2011; Bhullar et al. 2012). Antibiotic resistance genes occur in native soils without anthropogenic selection pressure (Allen et al. 2009), but evidence suggests that their abundance in agricultural soils has been increasing since the 1940s (Knapp et al. 2010). Although the environmental or anthropogenic causes have not been determined, the gene level increases occurred during the same period when the industrial production of antibiotics was growing rapidly. Furthermore, agricultural intensification increased at the same time and antibiotics were used for growth promotion purposes, which ultimately made their way to agricultural fields via manure application (Davies & Davies 2010). Manure application can transfer ARB and ARGs to soils, as well as antibiotic residues and other xenobiotic compounds, resulting in the expansion of antibiotic resistance reservoirs when compared to that of nativesoils (Heuer & Smalla 2007; Cytryn 2013; Amarakoon et al. 2016; McKinney et al. 2018).

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

Samples analyzed from isolated environments have demonstrated that antibiotic resistance is a natural and ancient phenomenon that predates clinical antibiotic use (Miteva, Sheridan and Brenchley 2004; D’Costa et al. 2011; Bhullar et al. 2012). Antibiotic resistance genes occur in native soils without anthropogenic selection pressure (Allen et al. 2009), but evidence suggests that their abundance in agricultural soils has been increasing since the 1940s (Knapp et al. 2010). Although the environmental or anthropogenic causes have not been determined, the gene level increases occurred during the same period when the industrial production of antibiotics was growing rapidly. Furthermore, agricultural intensification increased at the same time and antibiotics were used for growth promotion purposes, which ultimately made their way to agricultural fields via manure application (Davies & Davies 2010). Manure application can transfer ARB and ARGs to soils, as well as antibiotic residues and other xenobiotic compounds, resulting in the expansion of antibiotic resistance reservoirs when compared to that of native
土壤（雅＆2007 Smalla; Cytryn 2013; Amarakoon等人2016; Mckinney等人2018）。

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

從孤立的環境中分析的樣本表明，抗生素耐藥性是一種早于臨床抗生素使用的自然和古老現象（米特瓦、謝裡丹和布倫奇利，2004年;D'Costa等人，2011年;Bhullar等人，2012年）。抗生素耐藥性基因發生在沒有人為選擇壓力的本土土壤中（Allen等人，2009年），但有證據表明，自1940年代以來，抗生素在農業土壤中的豐度一直在增加（Knapp等人，2010年）。雖然環境或人為原因尚未確定，但基因水準增加發生在抗生素工業生產快速增長的同一時期。此外，農業集約化在增加的同時，抗生素被用於促進生長的目的，最終通過糞肥施用的方式到達農田（大衛斯和大衛斯，2010年）。糞肥應用可以將ARB和ARG轉移到土壤，以及抗生素殘留物和其他異種生物化合物，導致抗生素耐藥性儲層與本地的抗生素耐藥性儲存量擴大
土壤（Heuer – Smalla 2007;賽林2013年;阿馬拉孔等人，2016年;麥金尼等人，2018年）。

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

從隔離環境中分析的樣本表明，抗生素耐藥性是一種自然和古老的現象，早於臨床抗生素使用（Miteva，Sheridan and Brenchley 2004；D'Costa et al。2011年；Bhullar等人。2012年）。抗生素抗性基因出現在沒有人為選擇壓力的自然土壤中（Allen等人。但有證據表明，自20世紀40年代以來，它們在農業土壤中的豐度一直在新增（Knapp等人。2010年）。儘管環境或人為原因尚未確定，但基因水准的新增發生在抗生素工業生產迅速增長的同一時期。此外，農業集約化同時新增，抗生素用於促進生長，最終通過施用肥料進入農田（Davies&Davies 2010）。施用有機肥可以將ARB和ARGs轉移到土壤中，以及抗生素殘留和其他外源化合物中，從而導致與本地人相比抗生素抗性庫的擴大
土壤（Heuer&Smalla 2007；Cytryn 2013；Amarakoon等人。2016年；McKinney等人。2018年）。