The velocity–position interaction effect on reflex torque was accompanied by parallel changes in reflex EMG activities (Fig. 5). To compare across subjects, the normalized EMG with respect to the EMG response from the same trial with the maximum torque was used. According to a 3 * 3 two-way ANOVA (position velocity), the normalized EMG showed a pattern similar to that in TRQREF; that is, a velocity-dependent (F= 71.53, P=0.001), position-dependent (F= 12.34, P=0.001), and significant interaction (F=4.99, P=0.002).