Although toxicity has not consistently been demonstrated, there has been strong evidence across many studies showing the translocation of ENPs to plant shoots and edible tissues (Rico et al., 2011, Hernandez et al., 2013). This presents a direct and obvious risk to food safety but importantly, studies regarding the influence of ENP-exposure across multiple generations is largely unknown. Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2013) reported inhibited growth and development in second-generation tomato plants whose “parents” were exposed to CeO2 ENPs at low doses (10 mg L− 1). The long term impacts on seed integrity and food safety across multiple generations and exposure regimes remains completely unexplored.