Lipid peroxidation was measured in serum as combined malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal using a colorimetric assay according to the protocol of the manufacturer (LPO-586; Oxis Health Products). The mean intra-assay CV for combined malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal was 5.2%. Plasma concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined using commercially available ELISA kits (Human sICAM-1 Quantikine ELISA and Human sVCAM-1 Quantikine ELISA Kits; R&D Systems) according to the protocols of the manufacturer. The minimum detectable concentrations were 15.6 and 12.6 ng/L, respectively. The inter-assay CVs were 3.5% and 7.6%, respectively.