its assumed positive effects on employee work–nonworkbalance, health and well-being, and performance.For instance, self-determination theory (4) and severalinfluential occupational health theories [eg, demand–control model (5), job characteristics model (6)] statethat job autonomy – of which WTC is a specific subdimension– is a key factor for employee motivation,health, and performance.At a more fundamental level, we propose two regulatorymechanisms that can explain the hypothesizedfavorable association between WTC and indicators ofhealth/well-being and performance: a time-regulationmechanism, and a recovery-regulation mechanism. Thefirst mechanism implies that WTC enables workers toalign their working times with their responsibilities inprivate life. Due to this time-regulating quality, WTCmay be an excellent buffer against (time-based) work–home interference. Research has shown that a good balancebetween work and home results in higher workerenergy, motivation, and satisfaction (7).WTC can also be identified as a recovery-regulationmechanism. Occupational health research has highlightedthe relevance of sufficient recovery, showingthat insufficient recovery is a main mechanism underlyingthe association between stressful work and adversehealth (8). According to effort–recovery theory (9), thekey determinants of the balance between effort andrecovery are workload and work control. From a healthperspective,high workload may adversely influence theeffort–recovery balance. Workload is to a large extentdetermined by the amount and complexity of work,but also by temporal aspects of work (working timearrangements), since the number and distribution ofwork hours determine the duration and intensity of theexposure to workload, as well as the opportunities forrecovery (9). Work control can be seen as a key factor inpreventing worker overload and preserving a favorableeffort–recovery balance. Concerning recovery, controlof the temporal aspects of work (ie, WTC) may have anespecially important recuperative value (10, 11) as highindividual WTC allows workers to stop working beforebecoming too fatigued (12). In this respect, WTC can bea means for internal recovery (ie, recovery on the job),as it allows employees to take a break when they feel theneed to recover. It may also enhance external recovery(in-between working periods) as it allows workers tohave control over leave days, overtime work, or startingand ending times of the work day. So in brief, it can betheorized that WTC facilitates recovery opportunitiesand consequently can be a buffer against high fatigueand stress, and it may also stimulate vitality, work motivation,and performance.