hydrated gluten proteins stretched and aligned in the direction of kneading. The chemical bonds involved in the dough formation as:• Because the predominance of glutamine can form hydrogen bonds, this suggests substantial hydrogen bonding in the system.• A second factor is the absence of substantial charges on the gluten proteins, which suggests that there is little charge repulsion between the chains.• A third additional factor is that their hydrophobic amino acids may well contribute to hydrophobic interactions.