Special Children: Identified by IQ ScoresGiftedness: It has traditionally been defined in terms of high IQ scores, ≥ 130, on intelligence tests, and is thus often associated with academic skill; its modern definitions are broader, including exceptional talent in various areasIntellectual Disability: (a) It is defined as substantially limited intellectual ability, often as IQ scores ≤ 70, and problems in adapting to an environment, with both conditions emerge before 18 years of age (Down syndrome is an example); (b) 4 risk factors have been pinpointed, including biomedical (e.g., chromosomal disorders, traumatic brain injuries), social (e.g., poverty, impaired parent-child interactions), behavioral (e.g., child neglect, domestic violence), and educational factors (e.g., impaired parenting, inadequate special education services), but no single factor necessarily leads to intellectual disabilityLearning Disabilities: (a) It is defined as having difficulty mastering an academic subject, normal intelligence, and no other conditions that could explain poor performance (e.g., sensory impairment or inadequate instruction); (b) 3 types are regarded as particularly common: developmental dyslexia, impaired reading comprehension, and developmental dyscalculia; (c) understanding learning disabilities is a complicated matter because each type has its own causes and requires its own treatment