Well, the two new kids in the class, Bertrand and Russell, have come up with a plan to make sense of Mr. Whitehead's statements. They call it first-order logic (FOL), a way to map these confusing statements into an unambiguous representation. Bertrand says the whole system is built the idea of propositions, a statement that is either true or false. Propositions can be statements about people or things like studied_for(John, test) or is_hard(test). Propositions can also be combined to make more complex statements with the following symbols: