Another issue is that students’ experience of gamified learning remains on the surface. In many gamifiedactivities, students just received a layer of standardised game elements such as points and levels; however, in agamified context, the connection between gaming process and learning process that guides students to learncertain content has not yet been much explored (Landers, 2014; Mora et al., 2015; Sun-Lin & Chiou, 2017a). Forexample, Villagrá-Arnedo et al. (2016) proposed an idea that adapting game rule/procedure of a famous gamePac-Man to facilitate students’ problem solving, and in which students would experience the problem-solvingprocess through gaming process, and vice versa. Teachers could also design and present instructional materialsmore effectively. To date, however, few empirical studies have been done on combination of the processes