Impactors which are based on Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). MOUDI areprecision Cascade Impactors that cover a broad range of particle sizes. They include a range of flow ratefrom 10 to 100 L/min and several combination of impacting stages. There are traditional models witheight stages and models with rotation of impacting plates. These last MOUDI models guarantee a moreuniform deposit of particles over the plates, and also reduce bounce related problems as well asevaporation of semi-volatile material.Venkataraman and Rao [42] described that MOUDI has 50% cut-point aerodynamic diameters of 10,5.6, 3.2, 1.8, 1.0, 0.56, 0.32, 0.18, 0.097, and 0.056 μm on stages 1 to 10, respectively, and collectsparticles smaller than 0.056 μm on a 37 mm quartz fiber after filter.Another relatively recent impactor concept is the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The ELPIoperation principle is based on charging the aerosol electrically. This equipment is discussed in Section 3.2.8.3.2.3. Diffusion Battery (EDB)According to Vincent [26], particles with sizes below 0.1 μm are not strongly influenced bygravitational and inertia forces. Therefore, their behavior is not well represented by aerodynamicdiameter, which is a common measurement in traditional equipment. Instead of this, particle movementis generally dominated by diffusion. In this way, the equivalent diameter in volume, obtained in aDiffusion Battery, becomes more appropriate for nanometric particles. According to Hinds [29],Diffusion Batteries were developed to determine the diffusion coefficients of the particles.For Fierz et al. [43] recent gravimetric and optical methods are very insensitive to measurenanoparticles, and therefore are not appropriate for this task.Giechaskiel et al. [24] described that Diffusion Battery separate particles by their mobility. Accordingto these authors, these batteries are typically used as a switching valve to vary the effective length of thediffusion path, and with a CPC, to measure the concentration in number.A new approach for Diffusion Batteries is the Electrical Diffusion Battery (EDB). In the EDB,particles are carried by a corona charger and then get into the Diffusion Battery that can be of two types:tube or screen.According to Vincent [26], EDB collection efficiency is a function of geometric properties of the tubeor screen, the flow rate, and particle size, expressed in terms of equivalent diameter in volume.3.2.4. Mobility AnalyzerAmong the Mobility analyzers, Giechaskiel et al. [24] mentioned the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA)as the oldest mobility analyzer, and the DMA as the most recent model.Giechaskiel et al. [24] described that DMAs use bipolar diffusion charging to bestow a well-definedcharge distribution in the aerosol. After loading, particles are inserted into an electrostatic classifier,allowing particle passage in a narrow range of electrical mobility. Classified particles are measured byan electrometer or CPC.The Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (VTDMA) was found in the literature.According to Hossain et al. [44], the system is composed of two nano-DMA, two long-DMA (to covera range of large size), a heating tube, and one Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (UCPC).