The ten approaches studied are similarly diverse in their placement on the continuum of stakeholder selection. Three well-known evaluation approaches-Cousins and Earl's practical participatory evaluation, Fetterman's empowerment evaluation, and Patton's development evaluation-and one action research approach, Argyris and Schöen's participatory action research-limit stakeholder involvement to managers or policymakers or, as Cousins and Whitmore write, they work "in partnership with potential users who have the clout to do something with the evaluation findings or emergent recommendations"( 1998, p. 11).