In other cases, however, species have been severely affected by glacial and interglacial changes, presenting a comparatively reduced genetic diversity as only a small fraction of populations survived in true refugia (Recuero and Garcı´a-Parı´s 2011; Martı´nez-Freirı´a et al.2015). Rana iberica is an old lineage, sharing a Miocene common ancestor with a clade including R. temporaria, R. arvalis Nilsson,and R. pyrenaica Serra-Cobo (Yuan et al. 2016). However, the current mitochondrial phylogeographic pattern observed in R. iberica is the consequence of much recent evolutionary processes that took place only in the Middle to Upper Pleistocene, in direct association with the last 2 or 3 glacial periods. Similar patterns of reduced diversity,corresponding to type “R” species (sensu Recuero and Garcı´a-Parı´s 2011) have also been observed in other species of Rana, including widespread ones such as Rana dalmatina (Vences et al. 2013) but also in other Mediterranean endemics. For example, in the Apennine Peninsula, R. italica Dubois shows 2 mitochondrial lineages with similar ages as in R. iberica (Canestrelli et al. 2008), while another Iberian endemic, R. pyrenaica, presents even higher diversity reduction with only 2 cytochrome b haplotypes differing in 1 transversion (Carranza and Arribas 2008).