Theoretical considerations and experimental observations confirm that electrokinetic effects can be induced by a variety of seismic wave types including compressional, shear, and surface waves as well as guided waves in boreholes. Much of the focus in research has been on the potential for imaging interfaces or other targets at depth using seismic sources and electromagnetic receivers on the ground surface, in a manner analogous to seismic reflection surveying. P-waves or S-waves could, in principle, be used in that type of survey mode, as affirmed by theoretical modelling at seismic frequencies (Haartsen & Pride 1997; Garambois & Dietrich 2002).