二十世纪最“反直觉”的伟大生物学发现：化学渗透 来自: 曼斯.雷德

二十世纪最“反直觉”的伟大生物学发现：化学渗透


来自: 曼斯.雷德 2012-10-21 03:32:49
二十世纪最“反直觉”的伟大生物学发现：化学渗透（chemiosmosis）


**********************

在以前本小组的讨论中，我曾提到“比如你如果不理解所有生物共有的膜渗透能量供应化学原理，你就根本无从评价任何生命起源的理论。”

（为什么还有这么多人相信进化论？）
http://www.douban.com/group/topic/27216605/

蒙hongdou网友发信询问，所以这篇文章既是一篇泛泛的科普，也是对这个问题的具体介绍。

**********************

一 直觉与反直觉

直觉（intuitive）和反直觉（counterintuitive）是科学讨论在描述一个科学理论或者发现的时候，经常使用的二分法。这个叫法本身并不那么科学和严谨，但是其中的意味却是无限深长的。
既然不严谨，我也不去定义它，只看范例：

最简单清楚的直觉理论，在古希腊科学有很多范例。比如“物体排开的水量等于它的体积”。比如欧几里得平面几何中的公设和简单定理。“凡直角都相等”，“两点之间直线最短”，初学几何的人，都会想这不是废话吗。等到用这些废话为基础武器，逐步分解，证明了其他复杂得可怕的理论，我们才知道废话的精辟之处。这就是直觉理论最原始的特征：不言而喻。然而，即使在这种萌芽时代的智慧中，也埋下了“反直觉”理论的种子，比如仅仅“篡改”了一条欧几里得公设，就闯出一片新天地的罗氏几何。

牛顿第三定律是另一个直觉理论的例子：作用力必然导致反作用力。这看起来也是不言而喻的废话。但牛顿第一定律就不是了：“物体将保持它的运动状态，直到外力改变它”。这是一个相对原始的反直觉理论。在今天，初中物理课修完的同学也许会不同意这是反直觉的。但是在牛顿的年代，这却是彻头彻尾的反直觉。无数牛顿之前的大学者，都理所当然地认为物体要保持运动，必须不断注入外力。这才是费劲力气保持各种物体运动的古代人类的“直觉”。另一个直觉对阵反直觉的著名例子是伽利略对阵亚里斯多德（我不叫它“比萨斜塔实验”，是因为这个传说本身是有误的。但是双方的论点是明确无误的）。“更重的物体下落更快”，这样既简单又错误的直觉，连亚里斯多德这样的智者都不能免俗。可以保证，即使在21世纪的今天，一个纯文盲多半仍然会有这样的直觉。

直觉与反直觉是相对的，也是可以培养的。经过一定科学训练的人（比如说读完初中物理），他的直觉会超越两足动物的局限，随着训练的程度达到新的精确度，比如说把牛一定律变成他的直觉。但一个人具体的生活年代和环境，并不反映他应有的直觉水平，或者他的直觉正确程度。比如我95岁的奶奶（文盲），直到今天仍然不同意我说的地球围着太阳转。比如美国仍然有20%以上的人认为地球生命历史不超过4000年。
生物遗传的稳定性和精确性在DNA的结构中得到完满解释，从一个生物化学家的视角来看，这个跳跃简单明晰不言自明，足以让沃森和克里克之外的所有人把自己的脑袋拍肿。这个理论的被接受程度，也是犹如星火燎原，一夜之间清洗了所有研究者的大脑，改变了整个生物学研究的版图。
这个发现还运用了一个更深层次、更广泛的科学直觉现象。那就是自然科学的层次结构。自然科学中的各个领域，并不是齐头并进的，其中一些学科是另一些的天然基础。最主要的一个层次系统是这样的：

物理学--> 化学 --> 生物学 --> 医学，人类学，心理学 --> 社会科学
• 总之，九十年代之后的生命起源研究现状是群雄并起，天下大乱。理论更新速度之快，新发现新假说之层出不穷，都是二十世纪前面大半部分所无法企及的。固然是因为各个学科的知识积累都在推进，但化学渗透理论的建立，无疑是新纪元的开始。

結果 (中文) 3:

Twentieth Century the most "counter intuitive" great biological discovery: chemical penetration
From: 2012-10-21 03:32:49 Reid mance.
In twentieth Century the most "counter intuitive" of the great biological discovery: chemical penetration (chemiosmosis)
**********************
In previous discussions of this group, I have mentioned, for example, if you do not understand the principles of the chemical principles of the permeability of all biological membranes, you have no way of evaluating any theory of the origin of life."
Why are there so many people who believe in evolution?
Http://www.douban.com/group/topic/27216605/
Mongolia Hongdou users mail inquiry, so this article is a general introduction to the science, but also the specific problem.
**********************
Always feel and counter intuitive
Intuition (intuitive) and counter intuitive (counterintuitive) are scientific discussions in the description of a scientific theory or the discovery of the time, often using the dichotomy. The term itself is not so scientific and rigorous, but the meaning is infinite deep.
Since it is not rigorous, I do not define it, only to see examples:
The most simple and clear intuition theory, there are many examples of ancient Greek science. For example, "an object is equal to its volume of water". For example, in the Euclidean plane geometry postulates and simple theorem. "Where right angles are equal", "the shortest line between two points", the geometry of the beginner who would think that this is not nonsense. Wait until the use of these nonsense as the basis of weapons, and gradually break down, to prove the other complex and terrible theory, we only know the nonsense of the. This is the original feature of the theory of intuition. However, even in the infancy of wisdom and was buried under the "counter intuitive" theory of seeds, such as only "tampering" a Euclidean public design, break a new ground the Roche geometry.
Newton"s third law is another example of the theory of intuition: the force must lead to the reaction force. This seems to be the unspoken nonsense. But the first law of Newton is not: "the object will remain in its state of motion until it is changed by the external force". This is a relatively primitive counter intuitive theory. In today, the junior middle school physics class finishing the students may not agree with this is the counter intuitive. But in Newton"s time, it was downright counter intuitive. Countless Newton before the University, is a matter of course that the object to keep moving, we must continue to inject external force. This is the "intuition" of the ancient human beings, which struggled to keep all kinds of objects moving ". Another famous example of a counter intuitive game against Galileo was"s game against Aristotle (I don"t call it "the Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment", because the legend itself is wrong. But the argument is clear and correct. "Heavier objects fall faster", so that both simple and wrong intuition, even Aristotle such a wise man can not be free. Can be guaranteed, even in twenty-first Century today, most people will still have such a pure illiteracy.
Intuition is relative to counter intuitive, and it can also be cultivated. After certain scientific training (for example, finished junior high school physics), his intuition will go beyond the limitations of biped, with the level of training to achieve the precision, the new, for example the Newton"s first law into his intuition. But a person"s life time and environment, does not reflect the level of intuition that he should have, or his intuition is correct. For example, my 95 year old grandmother (Wen Mang), until today still do not agree with me that the earth around the sun. For example, the United States still has more than 20% of the people think that the earth"s life history is not more than 4000 years.
Biological genetic stability and accuracy in the structure of the DNA to obtain the perfect interpretation, from the perspective of a biochemist, the jump is simple, clear self explanatory enough to let Watson and Crick beyond all his head swollen. The theory of acceptance, is like a single spark can start a prairie fire, overnight cleaning the brains of all researchers, changing the layout of the entire biological research.
The discovery also uses a deeper, broader scientific intuition. That is the level structure of natural science. All fields of natural science, and not go hand in hand, some subjects are the natural basis of others. This is the most important one:
Physics chemistry biology -- > -- > -- > medicine, anthropology, Social Sciences / Psychology
- the status of the study of the origin of life after the age of ninety is the warlords, great disorder under heaven. Theory update speed, newly discovered new hypotheses emerge in an endless stream, are inaccessible to the twentieth century the front half part. Although the accumulation of knowledge in various disciplines is advancing, but the establishment of the theory of chemical penetration is undoubtedly the beginning of a new era.