Studies involving outbreak investigations have suggested that poor food handling practices may be implicated in up to 97 per cent of foodborne illness in food service establishments and the home (Howes et al., 1996). Other studies based on self report (Clayton et al., 2002), which is known to overestimate food safety behaviour, included an admission that in the UK 4 per cent of food handlers “often did not carry out all known food safety behaviour at all appropriate times”.