A final factor that seems important in determining the success of a self-talk strategy is the type of the intervention. Several studies have incorporated shorter (e.g., 3–5 days) or longer (e.g., several weeks) interventions, including training on the use of the self-talk strategy (Perkos, Theodorakis, & Chroni, 2002), whereas in other studies no training on self-talk has been applied (e.g., Harvey et al., 2002). In the former, participants had the chance to practice the use of self-talk, whereas in the latter participants received information on the use of self-talk and some familiarization attempts. As with any mental strategy, training was expected to have a significant impact on effectiveness, and, therefore, we hypothesized that the effect of studies using any sort of training will be greater that the effect of studies not using training.