In fact, there is evidence that “Level 5 is qualitatively different from the other levels of the model” (Ashkanasy & Ashton-James 2005, p. 221), insofar as this level subsumes the five lower levels. In this instance, Level 5 emotions are generated as a result of the accumulation of affec-tive events at Level 1 and employees’ emotional intelligence abilities at Level 2, which in turn impacts their interactions with coworkers, subordinates, supervisors, and clients at Level 3, also affecting group emotion and leadership at Level 4. Consistent with this idea, Dasborough et al. (2009) argue that “a leader’s behavior towards subordinates (Level 4) is reflected in team-member relationships (Level 3) that in turn reflect the leader’s performance via emotional contagion processes, leading to an organizational management response to the leader (Level 5)” (Ashkanasy & Humphrey 2011b, p. 219). Pirola-Merlo et al. (2002) found that transformational leadership, or the use of strong emotions to arouse feelings in followers, suppresses negative mood effects caused by obstacles that lie in the way to attaining workplace goals. Additionally Pescolido (2002) points out that a leader’s emotional displays mediate how followers interpret organizational events and organizational change. More recently, Kim et al. (2016), in a study of employee creativity in Korea involving 306 employees from 50 teams, found that a positive affective climate is associated with group creativity.