Recognizing and Using Others’ EmotionsEarly Emerging Abilities: Infants (a) from a young age, candifferentiate faces expressing positive vs. negative emotions,match voices to faces, and show a bias toward negativeemotions; (b) are capable of social referencing, activelyseeking cues from their caregivers to guide theirinterpretation of and action in an unfamiliar or ambiguoussituation; (c) continue to progress in their skills ofrecognizing emotions into adolescenceAchieving a Deeper Understanding: (a) Children begin toknow that thinking of past can lead to certain emotionalstates, and that people can sometimes have “mixed feelings”;(b) such an understanding is contributed by a positiverelationship with parents and talks about past emotions andrelated situations; (c) children acquire display rules forappropriate emotional expressions that specify the types ofemotion to show, where, and to whom; such rules varyacross culturesRegulating Emotion: (a) Suppressing direct emotionalexpressions relies on cognitive processes, includingattentional strategies and cognitive reappraisal; (b) theseabilities develop gradually and individual differences ineffective regulation are apparent at any age and linked topeer relationship and adjustment to schoolTemperamentDefinition and Structure: (a) Biologically based behavioralstyles that are stable across situations and evident soon afterbirth; (b) pioneered by Thomas and Chess’s study – infantsrated by parents and professionals and different patternswere identified (easy; difficulty; slow-to-warm-up); (c)recent models emphasize the underlying dimensions –Rothbart’s model specified 3 dimensions: surgency (highactivity, positive affect); negative affect; effortful controlHereditary and Environmental Contributions: (a) Theinfluence of heredity is supported by twin studies andincreases with age; (b) temperament is influenced by theenvironment in various ways, and some through heredity(e.g., the DRD4 gene, is not a temperament gene itself, butlinks to the sensitivity to environmental influences)