The molecular weight cut-off of the g-alumina nanofiltration membranes, as obtained by filtration of an aqueous PEG solution, was approximately 1 kDa.
This membrane also showed a typical retention for monovalent ions and divalent ions. Additionally, the nanofiltration membranes exhibited a relatively high pure-water flux (>20 L/(m2 h bar)), which is four times higher than that of the g-alumina nanofiltration membranes reported in the literature