The salt retention measurements on

The salt retention measurements on A-membrane using single component salt solutions of NaCl, LiCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at the pH value of 6 are showed in Fig. 15. The effects of salts concentration and transmembrane pressure on the ions retention of g-alumina nanofiltration membrane are exhibited in Fig. 15a and b, respectively. For the effect of salts concentration, it was shown that ions retention decreased with the increase of concentration. It was likely due to that the thickness of double layer decreased when the salts concentration increased. As observed for chlorides, the retention rates of the divalent cations (Mg2t and Ca2t) were higher than those of the monovalent cations (Nat and Lit). This was due to the charge effect because the ionic diameter and its hydrated diameter are much smaller than the membrane pore size [18]. Such behavior is typical for positively charged nanofiltration membranes [35]. Additionally, for the effect of transmembrane pressure, it was shown that the retention rates increased with the transmembrane pressure. Salt transport in nanofiltration membrane is a combination of three transport mechanisms: convection, diffusion and electromigration [33]. Diffusion plays a main role at lower pressures while the effects of convection and electromigration increased linearly with transmembrane pressure and become the
domains at high pressures [22].

結果 (中文) 1:

对 A 膜用单组分盐溶液的氯化钠、 氯化锂、 MgCl2、 CaCl2、 硝和 MgSO4 在 pH 值为 6 的盐潴留测量被显示在图 15 中。盐浓度和跨膜压对 g 氧化铝纳滤膜的离子保留的影响表现出图 15a 和 b，分别。为盐浓度的影响，结果表明，离子保留随浓度的增加而下降。它很可能由于双电层的厚度减少当盐浓度增加。如为氯化物，二价阳离子 (Mg2t 和 Ca2t) 的保留率均高于单价阳离子 (Nat 和 Lit)。这是由于电荷效应，因为离子直径和其水化的直径是远远小于膜孔径大小 [18]。这种行为是典型的正电的纳滤膜 [35]。此外，为跨膜压差的影响，表明保留率增加与跨膜压力。纳滤膜分离技术在盐运输是三种运输机制组合: 对流、 扩散和迁移 [33]。扩散在时的对流和电迁移跨膜压力呈线性增加，成为影响较低压力的主要作用在高压力下 [22] 域。

結果 (中文) 3:

用氯化钠，氯化锂，氯化镁，氯化钙单组分盐溶液a-membrane盐潴留的测量，在pH值6的硫酸钠和硫酸镁在图15显示。盐浓度对克-氧化铝纳滤膜离子保留跨膜压力的影响在图15a和B分别展出。盐浓度的影响，研究表明：随着浓度的增加，离子的截留率逐渐降低。当盐浓度升高时，可能是由于双层厚度的减小。观察到的氯化物，二价阳离子的保留率（mg2t和ca2t）均高于一价阳离子（NAT和点燃）。这是由于电荷效应，因为离子的直径和它的水合直径是远小于膜孔径[ 18 ] [ ]。这种行为是典型的带正电荷的纳滤膜[ 35 ]。此外，对于跨膜压力的影响，它表明，保留率增加的跨膜压力。在纳滤膜的盐运输是一个组合的三个传输机制：对流，扩散和电迁移[ 33 ]。扩散起着主要作用，在较低的压力，而对流和电迁移的影响呈线性增加的跨膜压力，并成为在高压力下的域- 22。