Trustworthiness Several strategies were employed to enhance the rigorousness and trustworthiness of this study such as credibility, fitness, dependability, and conformability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Morse, Barrett, Mayan, Olson, & Spiers, 2002). Credibility and fitness were established by asking open-ended questions, by conducting in-depth interviews in which participants were asked to describe subjective experiences and to verify their responses, and by inviting participants to validate the findings. A clear audit trail was used to ensure dependability. This audit trail included reflective notes and self-awareness memos that were generated during the data collection and analysis process. Moreover, the first author and members of the research committee continuously compared and confirmed the data and analyses, helping reduce the risk of individual bias. Conformability was established by recruiting 20 fathers who were all willing to share their experiences and by gaining their agreement on the results of data interpretation.