Readers of other L1s, because of their orthographies, may not have developed these strategies, and so they will need to acquire them in order to read fluently in English. Meanwhile, they are likely to rely on their L1 reading strategies when reading in English. For example, it is likely that readers with a logographic script in their L1 will try to apply a visual strategy to learning unknown words, and whilst this will support their vocabulary acquisition for a while, it will not be as efficient in the long term as learning and applying alphabetic and morphemic principles (Birch op. cit.; Grabe and Stoller op. cit.).