Transformational leadership. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X-Short (Bass et al., 2003) was used in this study to measure transformational leadership. The scale had 20 items in total to estimate four dimensions of transformational leadership: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Sample items include “My team leader goes beyond self-interest for the good of the group,” “My team leader talks optimistically about the future,” “My team leader spends time teaching and coaching me” and “My team leader seeks differing perspectives when solving problems,” respectively. The resulting Cronbach alpha for the four dimensions was 0.92, 0.88, 0.90 and 0.88, respectively, all above the minimum acceptable level.