• “So if we think all descriptions of causation are descriptionsof a relation between events, then we will have to constructparaphrases of the sentences above which explicitly mentionevents.” (ibid.)• Objects or facts• The dropping of a bottle caused it to break.• Not objects but their properties:(1) Properties, such as fragility, are the real causes; orphilosophers may agree with Davidson that causes are eventsbut hold “in addition that events have their effects ‘in virtueof their properties’ (371)”(2) causes should be thought of as individual propertyinstances or tropes