The results of this study also point to the need for greater attention to the study of negative relationships and their effects in organizations. Recent studies of promotions, performance appraisal, and income attainment have focused on the positive effects of social networks (often referred to as social capital), without considering whether there are any negative effects. Typical networking suggestions encourage managers to expand their networks as much as possible in order to maximize their social capital (e.g.. Baker, 1994), without taking into consideration that some organizational contexts may penalize managers for using that strategy, especially if that strategy incurs negative relationships in their social networks.