In other cases, however, species have been severely affected byglacial and interglacial changes, presenting a comparatively reducedgenetic diversity as only a small fraction of populations survived intrue refugia (Recuero and Garcı´a-Parı´s 2011; Martı´nez-Freirı´a et al.2015). Rana iberica is an old lineage, sharing a Miocene commonancestor with a clade including R. temporaria, R. arvalis Nilsson,and R. pyrenaica Serra-Cobo (Yuan et al. 2016). However, the currentmitochondrial phylogeographic pattern observed in R. iberica isthe consequence of much recent evolutionary processes that tookplace only in the Middle to Upper Pleistocene, in direct associationwith the last 2 or 3 glacial periods. Similar patterns of reduced diversity,corresponding to type “R” species (sensu Recuero and Garcı´a-Parı´s 2011) have also been observed in other species of Rana, includingwidespread ones such as Rana dalmatina (Vences et al. 2013)but also in other Mediterranean endemics. For example, in theApennine Peninsula, R. italica Dubois shows 2 mitochondrial lineageswith similar ages as in R. iberica (Canestrelli et al. 2008),while another Iberian endemic, R. pyrenaica, presents even higherdiversity reduction with only 2 cytochrome b haplotypes differing in1 transversion (Carranza and Arribas 2008).