randomized trial aims to reduce bias in comparing2 or more treatments. An intention-to-treat (ITT)analysis theoretically evaluates all participants withintheir original randomly assigned group in an attempt tofulfill this primary aim. In practice, however, a true ITTanalysis is often difficult when not all patients completethe trial or fully adhere to randomized treatments. Despite the challenges of dropout and nonadherence, investigators routinely report that “ITT analyses were conducted” without further explanation