Van Dyne et al. (1995) have noted that much of the empirical research on organizational citizenship behavior, and the related concepts of prosocial organizational behavior and organizational spontaneity, has focused more on what Schwab (1980) called substantive validity, rather than on construct validity. That is, the literature has focused more on understanding the relationships between organizational citizenship and other constructs, rather than carefully defining the nature of citizenship behavior itself. Following Schwab (1980), Van Dyne et al. (1995) warned that unless additional attention is directed toward more comprehensive theoretical explications of the constructs and their measures, we are in danger of developing a stream of literature that may prove of little value to the field in the long run