Under this condition, the owner cannot reap certain and direct payback from increased rent ΔR, but can only obtain uncertain, long-term, and indirect profit from green retrofit, such as operation cost saving , building value increase , and public impact . By contrast, investment and coordination cost are certain, short-term and direct, and are thus considered important by the owner because of the risk-adverse characteristic (Rhoads, 2010). The key information can be summarized as follows: