Our findings provide a basis for several research avenues. First, future research could investigate indivi- duals’ characteristics in their readiness of using technol- ogy. As more people are using smartphones, the mobile application is also widely used in our daily lives. It is becoming a common technology and thus, using a mobile application is already familiar for many consu- mers. However, some people are still at the stage of adopting mobile applications and not familiar with the technology. As such, mobile application adoption may differ depending upon individuals’ own characteristics, particularly their levels of technology readiness. Therefore, future research may examine how individuals could have different adoption perceptions and beha- viors based on their own technology readiness.