The degree of the division of labour between individuals and the importance of formal job specification for determining roles and responsibilities are, In general, less in East Asian enterprise structures than in the U.S.A. and group tasks are often more important than individual ones.Where loyalties are more focused on the organization than on externally certified competences, tasks are not so tied to the specific skills of individuals and can be allocated on a broader, less tightly controlled basis to work groups. Similarly, if rewards are based more on long-term performance in a variety of roles within one narrowly focused enterprise, rather than on achievements in one job held for two or three years in a diversified structure, willingness to cooperate in group activities is likely to be higher and employees’ emphasis on individual professional expertise lower.