where CC: cyanin content in the CAE juice (1.3 mg/100 mL) (Fig. 3), Ra: ratio VCE/cyanin for the two cyanins present (1.4 for cyanidin 3-glucoside and 1.1 for cyanidin 3-rutinoside in 50% (v/v) acidified aqueous methanol) (Heo et al., 2007) and PC: proportions of the two cyanins in the CAE (76% for cyanidin 3-glucoside and 24% for cyanidin 3-rutinoside) (Fig. 2).