Within this model, two dimensions of the traditionally conceived instrumentality were proposed (Do ¨rnyei 2005, 2009): promotional instrumentality and preventional instrumentality, with the former referring to instrumental motives with a ‘pulling power’ (e.g. learning English to facilitate professional achievement) and the latter subsuming instrumental motives with an avoidance focus (e.g. studying in order not to fail an English course or disappointing one’s parents).