Figure 4.1: Evechinus chloroticus d

Figure 4.1: Evechinus chloroticus daily per capita mortality rate in early (4 –
15 d post-fertilisation) and late (15 – 24 d post-fertilisation) larval
development under different levels of copper exposure. ..................................... 94
Figure 4.2: Evechinus chloroticus normal development in mid (15 – 16 d post-
fertilisation) and late (23 – 24 d post-fertilisation) larval development
under different levels and sources of copper. ...................................................... 95
Figure 4.3: Proportion of Evechinus chloroticus larvae with a small rudiment
and/or with a protruding rudiment (i.e. competent larvae) at 23 – 24 days
post-fertilisation under different regimes of copper exposure. ............................ 97
Figure 4.4: Evechinus chloroticus daily posterodorsal arm (PD) and preoral
arm (EO) growth between 15 - 16 and 23 - 24 d post-fertilisation under
different regimes of copper exposure. ................................................................. 98
Figure 4.5: Settlement success of Evechinus chloroticus, 8 days post-
settlement, under three different levels of copper exposure: control (Ctrl),
ANZECC Chronic (A.), High Pulse (H.p.) and High Chronic (H.c.). ............... 100
Figure 4.6: Evechinus chloroticus radial length (a) and spine/body ratio (b) at 8
and 38 days post-settlement under different copper regimes ............................ 102
Figure 5.1: Evechinus chloroticus survival from 4 to 25 d post-fertilisation
under different levels of copper exposure and salinity. ..................................... 118
Figure 5.2: Proportion of normal Evechinus chloroticus larvae from 4 d to 25 d
post-fertilisation under different levels of copper exposure and salinity.
Larvae were exposed to low salinity (Low, 24 ppt) or natural seawater
salinity (Normal, 36 ppt). Exposure to both stressors was either chronic
(A) or a single 4-day pulse exposure (B). .......................................................... 120
Figure 5.3: Proportion of 8-armed Evechinus chloroticus larvae with or without
rudiment at 25 days post-fertilisation when exposed to stressors
chronically (A), from day 4 to 25, and a single 4-day pulse (B). ...................... 122
Figure 5.4: Anterolateral arm (AL) and posterodorsal arm (PD) growth in
Evechinus chloroticus larvae between 16 and 25 days post-fertilisation
under different regimes of copper exposure and salinity. ................................. 123
Figure 6.1: Copper accumulation in gonads (µg/g wet weight) of the sea urchin
Evechinus chloroticus. ....................................................................................... 136
Figure 6.2: Copper burden in Evechinus chloroticus gonads vs. total gonad
weight (wet weight), after two weeks of exposure to 50 µg/L (LAB group). ... 137
Figure 6.3: Fertilisation success of Evechinus chloroticus pairs after 1 h. ............... 139
Figure A.1: Location of the water sampling sites in the region of Wellington. ....... 164

結果 (中文) 1:

图 4.1: Evechinus chloroticus 每日人均死亡率在早期 (4 — —15 d 后受精） 和后期 （15-24 d 后受精） 幼虫铜暴露的不同水平下的发展。.....................................94图 4.2: Evechinus chloroticus 在中期 (15-16 d 后正常发展受精） 和后期 （23-24 d 后受精） 幼体发育根据不同层次及铜的来源。......................................................95图 4.3 ︰ 比例的 Evechinus chloroticus 幼虫与一个小的雏形和 （或) 与突出的雏形 （即主管幼虫） 23-24 日受精后结果等在不同制度下的铜中毒。............................97图 4.4: Evechinus chloroticus 每日 posterodorsal 臂 (PD) 和口前手臂 (EO) 增长 15-16 和 23 24 d 后受精下之间铜暴露的不同的制度。.................................................................98图 4.5 ︰ 解决成功的 Evechinus chloroticus，8 天后结算，根据三个不同层次的铜曝光 ︰ 控制 (Ctrl)ANZECC 慢性 (A.)、 高脉冲 （惠普） 和高慢性 (H.c.)。...............100图 4.6: Evechinus chloroticus 径向长度 （a） 和脊柱/身体比例 （b） 在 8和 38 天后的解决不同铜制度下......102图 5.1: Evechinus chloroticus 生存从 4 25 d 后受精根据不同层次的铜暴露和盐度。.....................................118图 5.2 ︰ 比例的正常 Evechinus chloroticus 幼虫从 4 d 至 25 d铜暴露和盐度不同水平下的后受精。幼虫被暴露在低盐度 （低，24 ppt） 或天然海水盐度 (正常，36 ppt)。暴露于这两个压力源是慢性（A） 或者 (B) 单 4 天脉冲曝光。..........................................................120图 5.3 ︰ 比例的 8 武装 Evechinus chloroticus 幼虫有或无在 25 天后受精时暴露在应激源的雏形长期 （A） 从 4 到 25 天一单 4 天脉冲与 （B）。......................122图 5.4 ︰ 臂股前外侧臂 (AL) 和 posterodorsal (PD) 的增长Evechinus chloroticus 幼虫 16 至 25 天后受精根据铜暴露和盐度的不同制度。.................................123图 6.1 ︰ 铜积累的海胆性腺 （微克/克湿重）Evechinus chloroticus。.......................................................................................136图 6.2 ︰ 铜 Evechinus chloroticus 性腺与总性腺的负担重量 （湿重） 后两个星期的接触到 50 µ g/L （实验组）。...137图 6.3 ︰ 受精成功后 1 h Evechinus chloroticus 对。......139图 A.1 ︰ 惠灵顿地区水采样点的位置。.......164

結果 (中文) 3:

图4.1：Evechinus chloroticus每日人均死亡率在早期（4–15 d后受精）和晚期（15–受精后24 d）幼虫不同铜暴露水平下的发展。.....................................九十四图4.2：中Evechinus chloroticus正常发展（15–16 d后—受精）和晚期（23–受精后24 d）幼虫发育在不同的水平和来源的铜。......................................................九十五图4.3：一个小的萌芽，Evechinus chloroticus幼虫比例和/或突出的雏形（即主管幼虫）在23–24天受精后不同体制下的铜暴露。............................九十七图4.4：Evechinus chloroticus日常posterodorsal臂（PD）、口服ARM（EO）增长15 - 16和23 - 24 d后施肥下铜暴露的不同制度。.................................................................九十八图4.5：对Evechinus chloroticus结算成功后8天—结算，铜暴露三个不同的层次：控制（CTRL），anzecc慢性（A），高脉冲（惠普）和慢性（HC）。...............一百图4.6：Evechinus chloroticus径向长度（A）和脊柱体比（B）8后38天结算制度下不同的铜............................一百零二图5.1：Evechinus chloroticus生存4～25 d后受精不同程度的铜暴露和盐度。.....................................一百一十八图5.2：从4天到25天的正常Evechinus chloroticus幼虫比例受精后不同铜浓度和盐度下曝光。幼虫暴露于低盐度（低24个百分点）或天然海水盐度（正常、36个PPT）。两种应激源的暴露要么是慢性的（一）或单4脉冲曝光（B）。..........................................................一百二十图5.3：比例的8-armed Evechinus chloroticus幼虫或无萌芽后25天受精时的接触压力长期（一），从4天到25天，和一个单脉冲（B）。......................一百二十二图5.4：前外侧臂（Al）和posterodorsal臂（PD）的增长Evechinus chloroticus幼虫16天和25天受精后之间在不同的铜暴露和盐度条件下。.................................一百二十三图6.1：铜积累在性腺（µ克/克湿重）的海胆Evechinus chloroticus。.......................................................................................一百三十六图6.2：铜负担Evechinus chloroticus性腺性腺与总重量（湿重），两周后暴露于50µg/L（实验组）。…一百三十七图6.3：经过1小时的............... Evechinus chloroticus双受精成功一百三十九图A.1：的水在惠灵顿地区的采样点位置。.......一百六十四