Finally, the most contemporary theory in this chapter is the third theory described, the extended parallel process model. The extended parallel process model is an integrative model in that it starts with protection motivation theory and expands upon it by incorporating another theory called the parallel model. All three of these theories have commonalities, such as the inclusion of perceived process threat; however, the health belief model is considered a behavioral theory, which attempt to explain why people engage in particular behaviors, whereas the protection motivation theory and the expanded parallel process model are communication theories, which help to understand why people respond or fail to respond to fear-arousal messages. We present all three because of the commonalities and implications for the new public health