All patients were managed by a single protocol initially. Detailed laser and surgical procedures are described in Table 1. First, we administered medical treatment for IOP control, including topical brimonidine and fixed combination of timolol/dorzolamide, and systemic hyperosmotic agents (intravenous mannitol, 1 mg/kg). Laser peripheral iridotomy was performed for all patients as soon as the cornea permitted good visualization. Lens extraction was as performed in case of uncontrolled IOP (IOP > 25mmHg) and significant residual appositional angle closure (> 180 degree) despite the patient PI and using > 3 topical eyedrops. Trabeculectomy was performed in cases of uncontrolled IOP due to significant PAS (> 270 degree) or progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage after LPI and LE. When performing trabeculectomy, combined phacotrabeculectomy was performed only in patients with visually significant cataract (presence of nucleus sclerosis, cortical cataract, or subcapsular cataract; visual acuity < 20/50; and affecting activities of daily living). Lens extraction was not considered in patients with clear lens during trabeculectomy.