Despite the attractiveness of China’s business and foreign investment environment, the country is not an easy place to do business. Foreign businesses that seek to enter the China market must consider a wide range of strategies and business structures—each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Since China’s World Trade Organization (WTO) entry and the PRC government’s relaxation of investment regulations, foreign investors have been choosing to establish more wholly foreign-owned enterprises (WFOEs), which in the first three quarters of 2004 made up nearly 67 percent of the value of new foreign direct investment projects in China. WFOEs cannot be used in every sector, however, because the PRC government requires Chinese company participation or control in some sectors. In such cases, foreign companies must consider a joint venture structure. Even when they are not required, joint ventures can benefit foreign investors when a Chinese partner has certain strengths—such as central or local government support, brand reputation, land, licenses, distribution, and access to suppliers—that reduce start up costs and improve the foreign investor’s chances of success (see Cooperative Joint Venture Case Studies).
In China, most joint ventures are equity joint ventures (EJVs), though some investors establish cooperative (or contractual) joint ventures (CJVs). CJVs and EJVs are similar in many respects. The PRC government approval process, approval authorities, format of agreements, tax breaks, legal standing, and the means, laws, and authorities for dispute resolution are identical. The general management structure and governance procedures are also virtually the same.
But CJVs and EJVs differ in two important ways. First, unlike an EJV, a CJV does not need to be a separate legal person under PRC law. (A CJV that is not a separate legal person may benefit from lower costs, but also may expose the parties to greater liability than if they were legal persons, because CJVs with legal person status confer limited liability on parties to the joint venture.) Second, the CJV parties’ profit, control, and risks are divided according to negotiated contract terms. In contrast, an EJV’s profit, control, and risk are divided in proportion to the equity shares invested by the parties.
CJV disadvantages
As is true for any investment structure, CJVs have their drawbacks. First, since all CJV contract details need to be negotiated, establishing a CJV can be time consuming and expensive. Indeed, CJV negotiations can derail potential ventures as parties discover that they cannot reach agreement on every detail. Second, CJVs are sometimes not the most appropriate business structure for the project. For example, a Western automotive technology company recently signed a memorandum of understanding for a CJV with a Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) for the manufacture and sale of its patented system in China. The venture did not proceed, however, because the SOE ultimately determined that it preferred an EJV so that profit sharing ratios would match shareholdings and future changes in registered capital. In the end, the foreign company decided to form a WFOE, but planned to maintain and develop options to work with its Chinese partners in the future.