Variance components estimates and tests of the fixed effect of provenance are exactly as before. At this point, however, we shift the focus of genetic value prediction from breeding values within provenances (how good a parent/family is compared to the overall provenance mean) to ‘net breeding values’ which are appropriate to compare breeding values of individuals across provenances if we want to select on both the provenance and the individual within provenance values. Recall that the effect solutions are found in file (Code04-‐6_GCAGeneticGroups.sln) includes the BLUEs of fixed effects (e.g., prov) and BLUPs of family effects (or parental GCA effects). As a reminder, a subset of the prediction file is given below: